Copy ][+ Version 9.0



The following documentation is not a complete manual for Copy ][+ but as
complete as you'll find anywhere. I have put in further emphasis on the new
additions that are in version 9. User who are familiar with Copy ][+ should
just take note of the newer enhancements as the old commands are the same.
This file has been formatted using Appleworks 3.0 and is ready to print. It
may not look pretty as a text file, as it is meant to be printed out on
paper.





******************************

****** Introduction ******

******************************



Copy ][+ is a collection of utilities that allow you to manipulate Dos 3.3
and Prodos files and disk quickly and easily. They include a powerful
DOS/ProDOS disk utility package, a sophisticated Bit Copier for 5.25" and
3.5" disks and a better memory manager for less disk swapping.



Hardware Requirements



The following list shows computers supported by this version of Copy ][+.
The MINIMUM memory required is 128K AND an 80 column card installed.



o Enhanced Apple //e

o Apple //c

o Apple //c+ (only Utilities and 5.25" Bit copy work)

o Apple IIGS

o Laser 128, 128EX, 128EX/2

o Other Apple compatible computers with at least 128K of memory and designed
to work with Prodos

o One disk drive is needed for the Utilities, but two are recommended.



The Copy Disk, Copy Files, and Compare Files options of the Utilities can
take advantage of additional memory.



Copy ][+ is unable to access extended files (those with resource and data
forks) that are created under GS/OS.



If you wish to install Copy ][+ on a hard drive, you must copy the following
files:



Util.System, Util.More, Bitcopy.System, BC3.System, Parm.Data, Parm.Key,
Parm35.Data, Parm35.Key.



The files Util.Apps and Util.Config are created when necessary from the
Utilities main menu. The files Quit.Save and Util.Quit are programs that let
you use a program selector rather than the Prodos quit.



3.5 inch Bit Copy Requirements



The 3.5" Bit Copy program does not work with the Apple][, Apple ][+, or
older unenhanced Apple //e's. It will also not work with the Apple //c+.

You need at least one 3.5" drive. Any 3.5" drive will work except the
Unidisk 3.5 The following will work with the 3.5" Bit Copy program:



o Apple 3.5" or Laser daisy chain 3.5" drive connected to the port of an
Apple IIGS



o Apple 3.5" or CPS 3.5" drive connected to a CPS Universal Disk Controller
Card (UDC)



o CPS 3.5" drive connected to the drive port of a Laser 128EX computer



Depending upon the amount of memory you have, a second 3.5 drive may be very
helpful.





******************************

**** Copy ][+ Utilities ****

******************************





With the Utilities you can:



o Create a list of launchable applications

o Copy unprotected 5.25" disks o Copy unprotected 3.5" disks

o Copy files o Copy DOS <--> ProDOS formats

o Copy DOS (5.25" --> 5.25") o Catalog in four ways

o Delete files o Delete all info on a disk

o Delete DOS o Lock or Unlock files

o Rename files/Prodos volumes o Sort the Catalog

o Format in DOS or ProDOS o Verify file/disk/drive speed

o Compare files o View file contents

o See a disk map of files o Change boot program (DOS 3.3)

o Undelete files o Create new subdirectories

o Set the printer slot o Set the date

o Set mouse movement scale o Save your current settings



Because of the inherent differences in DOS and ProDOS some commands will
only work under one operating system. The Options for DOS disks include:

o Copy DOS onto a disk o Catalog with hidden characters

o Delete DOS to free up space o Change the boot program



The ProDOS options are:

o View any or all subdirectories without having to type pathnames

o Rename a ProDOS volume o Create new subdirectories



The majority of Utilities can only be used on standard DOS 3.3 and Prodos
disks. The Copy Disk and Verify Disk options can also be used with any 16
sector unprotected disks including ProDOS, DOS 3.3, SOS, CP/M, and Pascal
formatted disks.



Apple /// Users: Apple /// SOS files are stored exactly like ProDOS files,
so you can use Copy ][+ Utilities on an Apple II to work with Apple /// SOS
disks.



The Utilities can access ProDOS files stored on any floppy disk, hard disk,
Ram disk, 3.5" disks and any other ProDOS compatible volume. When access DOS
3.3 files, the Utilities will only work with the Apple standard 35 track
5.25" disks with DOS 3.3 on it. Various companies have come out with altered
DOS 3.3 for disks other than floppies. Because of these different patches
that are in the modified DOS 3.3 disks, Copy ][+ will not be able to work
with them as these patches are not resident in memory while you are using
Copy ][+.





Using the Utilities



Simply boot the disk and the Main Menu should appear. Along the left side of
the screen are 18 main options. The right side of the screen will contain
any submenus needed. Throughout this program you can always press ESC to
back out of the submenu or the current option.



Choosing Menu Options



There are three different ways you can choose an item from the menu:

o Press the up or left arrow key to move the highlighted bar up the menu,
and press the down or right arrow key to move the highlighted bar down the
menu. Press RETURN to then run it.

o Press a single letter listed beside the option to run it

o Click the mouse on the option you want to run it.



Selecting The Drive(s)



Most options require that they know in what slot and drive your disk
currently is in. The manner in choosing the drives is the same for all
applications.



1. Select the command you wish to use.



2. A list of slots and drive available should appear to you. This includes
all floppy drives and compatible ProDOS disk devices that are plugged into
your computer. Check your manual for the Apple //c and IIGS to figure out
where it maps certain ports into what slots.

The "/RAM Disconnected" refers to the special ProDOS RAM disk that ProDOS
install in any Apple II with at least 128K. Copy ][+ disconnects this device
to make use of its memory for program storage.

Copy ][+ will only disconnect the small built-in RAM disk. If you have
another RAM disk set up with a ramdisk driver for a large memory card, this
will NOT be disturbed by Copy ][+. Neither will any ramdisk set up by the GS
Control Panel.



3. Use the arrow keys or the mouse to highlight the correct drive and slot
you want. You can also hit any number from 1 - 7 and the bar will move to
the first drive of that slot. If there are no drives connected to slot 2 or
slot 1, then hitting these will bring the bar to the 2nd and back to the 1st
drive in the slot you have chosen.

In addition you can press the ? key (without the shift) to get a listing of
all devices. ProDOS devices will show the name of the volume and DOS disks
will simply say DOS 3.3 for the name. If you don't see the volume you want,
you can replace any or all disks and press the ? key again for a new list.
Press RETURN or click the mouse once you have highlighted the drive you
wish.



4. Depending upon the command you have chosen, you may or may not have to
chose a second, destination, drive. Simply choose it as you did the previous
drive.



Selecting Files



You can press the arrow keys or use the mouse to highlight any of the
filenames on the screen. If there are more filenames that can fit on the
screen the word "MORE" will appear. You can repeatedly press the arrow keys
to scroll the filenames, or use the Apple key with the arrow keys to scroll
one screenful of names at a time. To select the file you can:



1. Press E for Enter Filename.

2. Type the name of the file you want.

3. Press RETURN.

Copy ][+ then looks for the name and selects it as the next file. If you
decide you don't want to type in the name you can simply hit ESC.

OR

Use the arrow keys to select the files you want and press RETURN.

OR

Use the mouse and click on the files you want.



Filename patterns can be as follows: Any valid filename with or without one
or more "=" signs in it. The "=" sign acts as a wildcard and represents any
number of characters. For example: TH= will select ALL filename beginning
with TH and =G= will select ALL filenames containing a G.

In addition, you can select files by their filetypes. After the pattern type
in a comma and follow that by the filetypes used in the catalog. In DOS 3.3
they are: A (applesoft), I (integer), B (binary), or T (text). One example
is R=S1,BT will select any files beginning with R and ending with S1 that
are either binary or text files. ProDOS files will use the 3 letter filetype
designations (EG: TXT, BAS, PNT ....)

=,BAS for example, will select ALL files that are applesoft basic files.

If no files match the pattern that was selected, you will simply return to
the filenames menu.



Subdirectories



ProDOS disk can have many different subdirectories on it. To select a
subdirectory you can:

1. Use the arrow keys or mouse to highlight the subdirectory

2. Press RETURN or click the mouse button.



You will then be presented with a list of files in that subdirectory. (if
there are no files, it will also indicate this). If you wish to view files
contained in another subdirectory that is contained within your present
directory, you can use the ">" key to get into that directory and use the
"<" key to get out of the directory. ( you don't have to use the shift key)
Note that you can only select files in one subdirectory at a time.



To copy an entire subdirectory, simply select the root directory in which
the subdirectory is in, and then select it as you would any ordinary file.
Copy ][+ will first copy the subdirectory name then copy all of its
contents. Again, you can use the keyboard or the mouse to select the
directory.





******** Menu Options ********



This section will describe each of the options in the Utilities Main Menu in
the order in which they appear.



APPLICATIONS



By selecting this option, you will then be presented with a submenu of
different applications contained in the Util.Apps file. If this file is
missing from the disk, you will see the message E - Empty List. To launch
one of these applications, simply select it and press RETURN or click the
mouse button. Be sure that the volume on which the application resides is
on-line. If your application cannot be found, the following message appears:
Please insert /My.Disk/Terminator and press a key. If it still cannot find
the correct application you will then get the message: Unable to Load
/My.Disk/Terminator RETURN to retry OR ESC to abort. ESC will take you back
to the main menu.



COPY



After selecting this, you will get a submenu of choices:

5 - Bit Copy 5.25

3 - Bit Copy 3.5

F - Files

D - Disk

W - Disk w/format

O - DOS



If you wish to use the Bit copiers, select them as named. Further details of
the Bit Copiers will follow later.



Copy Files



You can quickly and easily copy unprotected DOS and ProDOS files to and from
DOS and ProDOS disks, Ramdisks, hard drives or other ProDOS devices. Because
of programming reasons Copy ][+ cannot keep track of more than 255 files in
one directory at once. The rest of the files after that will not be affected



1. Place the disks in the source, and if you have, in the destination
drives.



2. Select the copy option from the Main Menu.



3. Select the Files option.



4. Select the drive(s) you wish to use. With ProDOS you may also have to
select subdirectories. Choose the appropriate subdirectory with the keyboard
or mouse.



-Selecting Files to Copy-



Pressing RETURN or clicking the mouse on a filename will cause a number to
appear beside it. This will indicate in which order the files will be
copied. If you accidentally select a file, simply go back to that file and
press D for DELETE. This will NOT delete the file, only deselect it from the
copy process. The remaining file numbers will then be renumbered to account
for the deleted one. Once you have selected the files you want make sure the
disks are in the drives.



Note: On a single 5.25" drive system with an extra 64K (above the 128K
needed to run Copy ][+) the Memory Manager will utilize the extra memory and
thus less disk swapping will be needed.



As the files are being copied you may get one or more of the following
messages:



File Term.Wares

Already Exists. Now What ? (or IS Locked if it is locked)

[C]opy Anyway, [N]ew name, [D]on't Copy, [ESC] - exit copy

Copy [A]ll

[C] - this will delete the old file and copy the new one over it.

[N] - this will give the file a new name to be saved under.

[D] - this will cause the file not to be copied.

[ESC] - will exit the entire copy process

[A] - This will continue to copy ALL files whether they exist on the
duplicate drive or not. Any duplicates will be deleted and replaced by the
new copy. You will NO longer be notified of any duplicate filenames.



Notice that as each file copys, it will tell you the volume to which it is
being copied and the destination's filename. This can be useful as DOS
filenames have less restrictions than do ProDOS filenames. Copy ][+ may have
to alter the filename in some way to abide by the ProDOS rules. (this is
only the case when copying DOS file to a ProDOS disk)



-Converting from DOS <--> Prodos-

When copying files from one OS to another, Copy ][+ automatically converts
the file to the new operating system. Be careful however, as some files may
not be able to convert properly to another operating system. Text, BASIC,
and some binary files convert easily, while other more complex files are
more difficult. Because of certain differences between DOS and ProDOS, some
files will not convert properly. The best way to find out is to go ahead,
copy the file, and then run it. If it runs ok, then the converting was
complete; if not, it probably will not be able to be converted.



-Created and Modified ProDOS Dates-

There are two different dates in the ProDOS catalog. The modified date and
the created date. Copy ][+ uses the current date as the created date when
copying files. The modified date is left as is. This is intentionally done
for the following reason: If the created date is more recent than the
modified date, you know that the file is a copy of the original and the
created date tells you when the copy was made. If the created date is older
than the modified date, this tells you that the file has been modified on
this disk since you copied it.





Copy Disk



The Copy Disk option makes fast, reliable copies of unprotected 16 sector
disks(DOS, ProDOS, SOS, CP/M, Pascal). This can also copy unprotected 3.5"
disks. All copies must be made to devices of the same size.



1. Select Copy from the Main Menu.

2. Select Disk option from the Copy Menu

3. Select the drives you wish to use.

4. Insert the disks

5. Press RETURN to start the copy process.



If you only have one drive you will be prompted to swap disks periodically,
depending upon how much memory you have will tell how much disk swapping you
will have to do.



Copy Disk checks for errors as it reads each track that it will copy. If an
error occurs, a message will be displayed as to the type of error it was.
After the copying is done, you can Verify the disk to make sure everything
copied okay. Even if there was an error in reading a bad track, a good track
(of perhaps bad data) will still be written. When the copy is complete, and
if the copy was made in one pass, you will get the message:

Copy same onto another disk (Y/N) ?

If you want to make another copy of the same disk, simply put in another
disk and the second copy will be written to it.



Note: Copying 5.25" disks only copys the one side. If you want to copy the
entire disk, you must flip the disk over and copy the second side as well.



-3.5 inch disk copy-

When copying 3.5" disks, Copy ][+ handles the information block by block,
not by tracks as in 5.25" disks. With 3.5" disks you also have the option to
format the destination disk or not. If the destination disk isn't already
formatted, simply choose the option Copy Disk w/Format. This will first
format the destination disk before attempting to write to it. As before, if
there is enough memory and the copy was made in one pass, the message: Copy
same onto another disk (Y/N) ? will appear. If you need another copy, insert
the next destination disk.



Copy DOS (DOS 3.3 ONLY)



Copy DOS will copy the first three tracks of a DOS 3.3 disk and write them
to another DOS 3.3 disk. This will put DOS onto the disk, which must already
be formatted.



1. Select Copy from the Main Menu.

2. Select DOS from the Copy Menu.

3. Select the drive(s) you wish to use.

4. Insert the disk(s) and hit RETURN.



You will have to swap disk in a single drive system. Just follow the
prompts.



Catalog Disk



Normal

The normal catalog is similar to the standard DOS catalog or ProDOS Cat
command. Copy ][+ checks the disk in the drive to determine if it is a DOS
or ProDOS disk. If it is a DOS disk, the disk volume number is shown. Each
file is displayed , along with a letter indicating its filetype , its file
length in (sectors) and an asterisk to indicate if the file is locked and
finally, the filename itself. If it is a ProDOS disk, the volume name is
displayed, along with an asterisk to indicate if the file is locked, the
filename, the 3 letter filetype abbreviation, the file length in blocks, and
the date the file was last modified.

If you have a printer and it is on, you are asked if you want the catalog
printed out. The catalog pauses every 20 files. You can continue viewing the
rest by hitting any key except ESC. Note again that Copy ][+ can only handle
255 files in one directory.



File Lengths

The catalog command 'File Lengths' shows all the same information as the
normal catalog. For all BASIC files, it also shows the actual length of the
program in bytes. For binary files, it shows both the starting memory
address of the file and its length. A DOS 3.3 catalog listing appears like
this:



*A 006 HELLO L1137 (L$0471)

*B 003 CHAIN A2056, L456 (A$0808, L$01C8)



This shows that HELLO is 1137 bytes long ($471 Hex) and the binary file
CHAIN has a starting address of 2056 and length of 456 (with hexidecimal
equivalents in brackets)



For ProDOS disks, the 'Catalog with File Lengths' option is similar to the
ProDOS Catalog (80 column) command, adding the created date and the length
of the file in bytes, and any subtype when appropriate:



Name Type Blks Modified Created Endfile Subtype



Finder FND 1 06-JAN-67 23-FEB-90 106

Prodos SYS 30 10-NOV-85 13-JUL-84 10240

Animals BAS 10 15-OCT-83 15-OCT-83 4578



Deleted Files

This option under the Catalog command will include in the catalog all the
files that have been deleted from the disk but which have not yet been
overwritten by a new file. (NB: when you delete a file you simply mark the
file's name in the catalog as deleted. The actual information in the file
remains on disk even though the filename has disappear from the catalog. It
is still in the catalog, only you can see it. Any new programs will first be
saved in unused portions of the disk, then when that is filled, it will use
the space occupied by the old deleted files and overwrite them.) Any files
that are deleted will appear with a "D" to the left of the entry in the
catalog.



Hidden Characters

DOS 3.3 allows user to include hidden control characters in a filename. This
command will let you see these characters. The control characters are
displayed as inverse characters. If the printer is on, control characters
are translated to lowercase.



Since ProDOS does not allow hidden characters, this option displays a normal
catalog with any ProDOS disks.



To Catalog A Disk

1. Select the Catalog command by using arrows, mouse or "T" and then select
the appropriate option from the Catalog submenu.



2. Select the correct slot and drive you wish to catalog. If you are
cataloging a ProDOS disk, you may see a list of different subdirectories.
Simply use the arrow keys or mouse to select the directory you wish to
catalog.



3. If the printer is on press Y or N to the printout question.



Delete



This option is used to delete any old or unwanted information from some disk
or volume.



Delete Files

This is the same as the standard DOS or ProDOS delete command.

1. Select Delete from the main menu with arrows, mouse or "D"



2. Select Files from the Delete submenu.



3. Select the drive that contains the file you want deleted. If you are
using a ProDOS disk, you may have to choose the correct subdirectory as
well.



4. To select which file(s) you want deleted, simply highlight it and press
RETURN or click the mouse button. An arrow (-->) will mark that this file is
to be deleted. Repeatedly hitting RETURN or the mouse button will toggle the
arrow on and off. If you select a file with the type DIR (in ProDOS only)
all the files in this subdirectory will first be deleted and then the actual
filename of the directory will be delete. If you wish to see what is in this
directory first, you can hit the ">" and "<" keys to zoom in and out of the
directory. You can also hit the [E]nter filename command and enter any
filename or pattern (legal patterns are the same as described earlier). Any
files matching the pattern will then be marked to be deleted.



5. After choosing all the files you want deleted, hit [G]o to start the
process. The display will then show the filenames as they are deleted.



Delete Disk

This option will ERASE EVERYTHING off the disk including the names and
locations of the files, and the presence or absence of DOS or ProDOS.
Deleting is similar to reformatting a disk, only quicker. (unformatted disk,
however must first be formatted)



Important: once you delete a disk, the information that it contained is lost
forever. You cannot undo this process by any means.

1. Select Delete from the Main Menu.



2. Select Disk from the Delete submenu.



3. Select the drive in which your disk is. A message will then appear to
confirm that you want to permanently erase the entire disk.



4. Answer Y to the question if you wish to delete the disk.



Delete DOS (DOS 3.3 ONLY)

This command will work only with DOS 3.3 disks. DOS disks use the first 3
tracks on the disk itself for the operating system. The Delete DOS command
frees up two of these tracks for use by files. (Track $00 is not accessible
by files and is not freed) This will give you about 8 kilobytes of extra
memory. You will no longer be able to boot this disk now. If you try, you
will get the message that there is no DOS on the disk and to reboot another
disk. This command doesn't apply to Prodos disks.





Edit Applications



This allows you to add to, delete from, or edit applications that are
currently in the list. All applications must be of the type SYS. You can
specify any letter you wish to launch an application with a single
keystroke.



Editing an Entry

1. Select 'Edit Applications' from the Main Menu.



2. Select the application you wish to edit by using the 'Previous' and
'Next' commands.



3. When the application you wish to edit appears, highlight the 'Edit'
command and hit RETURN or click the mouse button.



4. You can now edit any of the information in the application. When finished
press RETURN.



Adding New Entries

You can use this option to add new applications to your list. The 'New' and
'Edit' commands use the Up and Down arrow keys to move up and down the
individual fields during entry. The right and left arrow keys move
right/left within the entry. The cursor always goes to the beginning of each
entry. To keep the same information, hit TAB to move to the end of the line
and then hit RETURN, or use the up and down arrow keys to move from entry to
entry.



1. Select 'New' to add applications. The new application will be numbered
with the next number after the one that is currently showing. If you add one
in the middle of the application list, the rest of the entries will be
renumbered accordingly. The numbering defines in what order they will appear
in the list.



2. Type in the application's name as you want it to appear on the list and
press RETURN. A maximum of 13 characters is allowed.



3. Next type in the single letter in the Command Field that you want to use
to launch that application and press RETURN.



4. Now, type in the Application Prefix. This should start with a slash and
have the volume name where the application resides. For example:
/Hard1/Games then press RETURN



5. Next you type in the name of the application as it appears in the catalog
of /Hard1/Games. EG: Auto.Race then RETURN



6. You will no longer be in the Edit mode. Save should now be highlighted.
Press RETURN to save the new application list. Note: the file Util.Apps will
be created if none already exist; or it will replace the old one.



Deleting an Application



1. Select 'Delete' from the command line to remove the application that is
currently showing. If you accidentally delete an application, don't worry as
it is only temporary. Hit ESC to return to the Main Menu and it will be
restored.



2. Once you have deleted the applications you no longer need, highlight
'Save' and press RETURN. Once you have done this, the application list is
now saved to the disk. If you do not save the current list, the deleted
items will reappear the next time you access the application list.



Lock / Unlock Files



Locking a file is like putting a little bit of security to guard your file.
Most programs will not delete a locked file even if told to do so. (Most
will ask for confirmation)

1. Select Lock/Unlock from the Main Menu.



2. Select the correct drive and/or ProDOS directory.



3. Using the arrow keys or the mouse you can lock or unlock files. An
asterisk "*" means that the file is locked. You can also choose to [E]nter a
filename or filename pattern. (same rules for patterns apply as previously
stated) Once you enter the filename, you will be asked whether all files
matching the name are to be locked or unlocked. Simply hit [L]ock or
[U]nlock.



4. Finally when you are finished choosing those files to be locked/unlocked,
hit [G]o.



Rename



This command allows you to change the name of any file on a disk or volume.
You can also change the name of the Volume (ProDOS only)



Renaming Files

1. Select 'Rename' from the Main Menu.



2. Select 'Files' from the Rename submenu using arrows/mouse/"F"



3. Select the drive or directory that contains the disk with the file that
you want to rename. The contents of the catalog are then displayed.



4. Highlight the filename that you wish to change and press RETURN or click
the mouse button. You will then be asked to type in the new name for the
file. The new name must be a legal filename under either DOS or ProDOS.

DOS: Must start with a letter. Maximum characters: 31.

ProDOS: Must start with a letter, contains only letters/numbers or periods,
and the maximum characters allowed is 15

Every file you change will have an arrow (-->) appear beside it indicating
that it has been changed.



5. When you have finished with all the changes, hit [G]o to write the
changes to disk. Hit ESC to abort.



Renaming a Volume

1. Select Rename from the Main Menu



2. Select Volume from the Rename submenu by either using the arrows/ mouse/
or "V"



3. Select the ProDOS volume you wish to rename. You will be presented with
the old name of the volume.



4. Type in the new name for the volume. The name must follow the same rules
as for ProDOS filenames. Hit RETURN to complete.





Sort Catalog



This option allows the user to sort the catalog of a disk so that the
filenames will appear in alphabetical order or any order that you want!

1. Select 'Sort Catalog' from the Main Menu.



2. Select the drive that contains the disk you wish to sort.

o Select A to number the files in alphabetical order. Copy ][+ automatically
displays on the screen what the alphabetized catalog looks like.

o Select D to delete the number of the highlighted file.

o Select E to enter a filename. The highlight bar moves to that file if it
is found.

o Select G to write the sorted catalog back to the disk.

o Select ESC to go back to the Utilities menu.

o Select S to view the sorted catalog on screen.

o Type a number which allows you to change the sorting sequence number of
any of the number files. Inserting a number will cause the rest to be
renumbered accordingly.



Important: When sorting a bootable Prodos disk, the first file in the
catalog that has the ending .SYSTEM will be the one to run when you boot the
disk. So, if you have more than one .SYSTEM file in the same root directory,
make sure the first one is the one that you want to run when you boot the
disk.





Format Disk



This option formats any floppy, hard, and/or RAM disks so that files can be
stored on them. Formatting a disk will erase everything that was on the disk
before. New disk must be formatted before you can use them. The DOS 'INIT'
command is similar to this, but there are differences. The 'Format' command
will NOT put DOS on a disk, will NOT save the basic HELLO program onto the
disk and will NOT set up the disk to run HELLO when it is booted. Otherwise,
'Format' acts just like INIT: laying down sector boundaries, dividing the
disk into sectors and writes the catalog track to the disk.



Formatting a DOS 3.3 Disk

1. Select 'Format' from the Main Menu.



2. Select DOS 3.3 using the arrows/mouse/ "D"



3. Select the drive where the disk is to be formatted. Note that only 5.25"
disks can be formatted for DOS 3.3



4. If the disk has been previously formatted it will as you to confirm if
you want to format it. Press Y to format N to abort.



-Creating a bootable DOS 3.3 Disk-

To be able to boot this disk you must now put DOS on the disk. Use the Copy
DOS command to copy DOS from another disk onto the newly formatted one. You
will also have to have a file on the disk that will run when it is booted.
Place one on the disk and use the Change Boot Program command, if necessary,
to name that file the 'boot' file.



ProDOS Formatting

o Lays down sector boundaries, dividing the disk into sectors

o Writes the volume and directory area onto the disk

o Writes 'boot blocks' so that if you later copy the files onto the disk, it
will become a bootable disk.

Whenever you boot a ProDOS disk, it first finds the file named ProDOS on the
disk, loads this into memory of the computer, then looks for the first
.SYSTEM file to run. If the file happens to be BASIC.SYSTEM, it will then
look for a file called STARTUP to run, otherwise you will be in BASIC.



2:1 Interleave



On the Apple IIGS with an Apple 3.5" drive (NOT the UniDisk 3.5) in the
smartport, you have an additional option of setting the interleave. This
results in much faster disk access. After selecting the 3.5" Drive you will
to use for formatting, you will get the message: Use Hi speed interleave ?
Hit Y if you want to use it, otherwise just hit return for no.



Formatting a ProDOS Disk

1. Select 'Format' from the Main Menu.



2. Select ProDOS from the Format submenu by arrows/mouse/"P"



3. Select the drive you wish to use to format the disk. The message: Ready
to format (y/n) ? appears.



4. Insert the disk into the correct drive. If it already contains
information, Copy ][+ will ask you if you really want to format this disk.
Press Y to format or N to abort.



5. You will then be prompted for the name for the volume. Type in a name
(according to the ProDOS filename rules) and hit RETURN.



-Creating a Bootable ProDOS Disk-

To have the disk be a boot disk, after formatting it, you must then place a
copy of the file ProDOS on it. Then copy onto it the .SYSTEM file you wish
to run when the disk is booted. Remember to put on any files that the
XXX.SYSTEM file needs.



Formatting /RAM

As mentioned earlier, with 128K or greater Apple II series computers, ProDOS
installs a small /RAM disk into Slot 3, drive 2 to act as a very fast disk.
Any files stored here disappear though when the computer is turned off. This
same area that ProDOS sets aside for the /RAM disk is used by Copy ][+ to
speed itself up. That is why when you view the drives you see that the /RAM
Disconnect message is there. If you have other RAM drives set up with other
larger ramcards, Copy ][+ will not disconnect these. The same goes for the
GS /RAM5 ram drive.

They are all viewed as legal ProDOS devices.





Verify



There are three option here to use. You can verify disks, files, or the
drive speed. Verifying works differently under each application.



Verify Disk

This option is used to check if any sectors or blocks on the disk are bad.
If the disk being verified is a 5.25" disk then it will be verified track by
track; any other disk device is verified block by block. Verify Disk will
work with any standard 16 sector disks (DOS 3.3, ProDOS, SOS, CP/M and
Pascal) Some copy protected disks have different formats and may therefore
cause errors when verified.



If Verify Files shows errors, but Verify Disk doesn't, then bad data stored
in the catalog is the most likely culprit. If Verify Disk shows errors, then
you either have bad sectors or a shitty disk. (or else it is copy protected
or blank) In this case you should try to copy as much information off of it
as you can and then try to reformat it. If there are errors when formatting
it, then take the disk, run to the top of a cliff, and see how far you can
'frisbee' it.



Verifying a Disk

1. Select 'Verify' from the Main Menu.



2. Select 'Disk' from the Verify submenu by arrows/mouse/"D"



3. Select the drive you wish to use and make sure the disk is in.

You will then see the message: Verifying Track (or Block) $06

If any bad tracks were found, the message will say what track and sector
were bad: ERROR Track $03 Sector $5, $8, $B When the verify is finished it
will tell you the total number of errors that were found. If you do some
stupid and accidentally start to verify your 60 Meg hard drive (which could
take a while) and don't want to wait till it is finished, just hit ESC.



Verify Files

This checks the data and sectors used by individual files

1. Select 'Verify' from the Main Menu



2. Select 'Files' from the Verify submenu (arrows/mouse/"F")



3. Select the drive you wish to use.



4. Select the files you wish to verify. (Select file as stated previously)



5. Press [G]o to begin the process. Each file is highlighted as it is being
verified. If any errors are found, you will be given the choice of either
continuing [RETURN], skipping the file and going on to the next one [SPACE],
or aborting the process [ESC]



Verify Drive Speed

To properly read the data on a disk, the drive must spin at the right speed.
This speed is about 5 revolutions per second, or 1 revolution every 200
milliseconds. If the speed of the drive is not near 200 milliseconds, I/O
errors may occur. This option allows you to check the speed of 5.25" drives.
3.5" drive speeds cannot be checked because they vary depending upon what
track they are reading data from. Circuitry built into the 3.5" drive
monitors and corrects the drive speed as it operates.



1. Select 'Verify' from the Main Menu.



2. Select 'Drive Speed' from the submenu.



3. Select the drive you wish to test.



4. You will then be prompted to put in a blank disk. ( or one that you don't
care if stuff gets written over, try your brother's disk)



5. As the disk spins, you will see the speed at which it is operating, and
the suggested limits for the speed. Hit ESC at any time to stop.



Adjusting your Drive Speed

If you still have warranty on your drive and you don't know what you are
doing, then you may not want to do this. It is pretty simple, but be careful
not to void your warranty !! On older drives (Apple Disk II drives) the
speed control is located on the back of a small board at the rear of the
drive. Take the cover off the drive and find this little adjustment screw on
the small board near the back of the drive. Run the Verify Drive Speed and
adjust it.

Newer drives (like the DuoDisk, Apple //C built-in and external drives) have
the drive speed adjustments on the bottom of the drives. Just pick it up and
look for a small hole either near the drive door or under a piece of foil.
Use a small screwdriver to adjust the drive speed when the program is
running.





Compare Files



This option allows you to compare files in 80 column mode. You can compare
ProDOS to ProDOS and DOS to DOS, but not ProDOS to DOS. Note, if you copy a
file an wish to compare it to the original, make sure both volumes names are
different.



1. Select 'Compare' from the Main Menu.



2. Select the source file's drive first, then the drive where the file is
that you want to compare it to.



3. Select the first file you wish to compare from the file menu.



4. Select the file you want to compare to the original.



5. You will then be asked if you want to see the differences if any appear.
Answer Y or N. The default is no.



Copy ][+ then compares the two files. If there are no differences in the
files, you will get the message: The file are identical. You will then
return to the main menu. If there are differences and you answered yes to
see them, two blocks of hexidecimal numbers and their addresses will appear.
The top block is the original and the bottom is the compared one. Any
differences in the files will appear as inverses within the blocks. By
pressing any key you can continue onto the next set of bytes which are
different.

If you answered NO, and didn't want to see the differences, a message will
simply tell you how many differences were found.( To a maximum of 65535
differences)



-Errors-

If the two files being compared are extremely different in size, then you
will get: Premature EOF in target (source) file. You will then be asked to
continue or not. Default is yes.



Filetypes are different. You may get this message if the two files you are
comparing have different filetypes. You can still compare or not.





View Files



This option allows you to quickly look at the data within any file. Almost
any filetype can be viewed, but others are more revealing than some. You can
view in two different ways: Values, which shows the hexidecimal bytes and
the ascii along the side, or Text, which shows ascii only. This can be
convenient, say, if you forget what the file: Letter1 AWP, contains. Instead
of booting up Appleworks and seeing if you still need it, you can just View
it by Text and see what it was.



Viewing Files

1. Select 'View' from the Main Menu.



2. Select either [T]ext or [V]alues from the submenu. When in Values, you
will get 8 bytes of data per line with the ascii equivalent on the right.
(Control characters are replaced by periods). When in Text mode, the
characters are printed out in standard 40 characters/line. Control
characters are not printed, except for carriage returns.



3. Select the appropriate drive/volume you want.



4. Select the file you wish to view. (using arrows/mouse)



5. Press [G]o to view the file. If the printer is on, you will also be asked
if you want a printout. When you are finished reading the file, you are
returned back to the file menu. You can select another file to read, or
press ESC to quit.





Disk Mapping



This option gives you an informative display showing what sectors on the
disk are used by which files and which sectors are free for use. It is
designed to be used on any size of a drive. Note: if you map a hard drive
with more than one operating system on it, Copy ][+ may view each partition
(CP/M, Pascal especially) as one large file. Prodos 8 also has the limit of
only recognizing the first two partitions on a hard drive.



Mapping a Disk

1. Select 'Map Disk' from the Main Menu. (arrows/mouse/"M")



2. Select 'Disk' from the submenu. Next select the drive you wish to map.

You will then be presented with a grid of asterisks and periods. For ProDOS,
you will also see how many blocks are free and used, and the volume name.
Any free block is marked with a dot (or period) and every block that is used
is marked with an asterisk. For DOS 3.3 disks, tracks and sectors are marked
out along the top and side of the display. Any sector that is free is marked
with a period, and used ones are marked with an asterisk.



3. After viewing this, press any key to return to the main menu.



Mapping Files

1. Select 'Disk Map' from the Main Menu.



2. Select 'Files' from the submenu by using arrows/mouse/"F"



3. Select the drive you wish to use. You will again see the same table as
when you mapped the disk, only there will be less asterisks. At the bottom
of the display there will be a filename. This is the file that is currently
being shown in the table. Any asterisk shows where that file is on the disk.
To map the other files on the disk simply move the mouse right or use the
arrow keys. The next filename will appear and it's corresponding map will
appear showing where it is on the disk.



4. Hit ESC at any time to quit back to the Main Menu.





Change Boot Program



This option is for DOS 3.3 only. Whenever a disk is initialized, the BASIC
program that was in memory at the time is saved as the boot, or Hello,
program. Whenever the disk is then booted, DOS looks for this file to run
first. If you want to change which file runs first, you can either re-init
the disk or use this option. You can change the DOS to boot up a different
BASIS program, a binary file, or even execute a text file.



Changing the Boot Program

1. Select 'Change Boot Program' from the Main Menu.



2. Select the drive which contains the DOS 3.3 disk.



3. A screen of files should then appear. Highlight the file you want to
become the boot file. You can also [E]nter the filename and Copy ][+ will
highlight the first filename to match the pattern.



4. Hit [G]o to save this file as the new boot file for the disk.





Undelete Files



When a file is deleted from a disk, it is not erased completely from the
disk. The file is simply marked internally as being deleted and the space
that the file took up is marked as being free again. No data is lost or
written over, is simply ignored now that it has been 'deleted'. If no other
files have been saved over top this old file, you can use the Undelete files
option to get this file back again. Copy ][+ will simply look to see if the
file has been overwritten, and if it hasn't, it will take away the 'deleted'
marker that was put there when deleting. The rest of the file is also mark
again as used so that no new files will write over top of it.



Undeleting Files

1. Select the 'Undelete Files' option from the Main Menu.



2. Select the drive that contains the deleted files. You will then be shown
a list of all the files that have been on the disk but were deleted (or NO
FILES is there are none)



3. Select the files that you want to resurrect.



4. Press [G]o to start the process. If the files that you selected have not
been overwritten with other data, they will be undeleted. If any files have
been overwritten and cannot be saved, you will get the message "LOST FILES"
and a list of the ones that could not be recovered.

After the Undelete is finished, you should use the Catalog option to look at
the undeleted files on the disk. If there was difficulty in undeleting a
file, (like ones deleted with older versions of ProDOS and not with Copy
][+) then the file will be marked with a question mark. You should test this
file to see if it was completely recovered or not.





Create Subdirectory



This option works only under ProDOS. When you want to add a new subdirectory
to a ProDOS disk, you can do so with this option. The name you give the
subdirectory must follow the rules for ProDOS file names.



Creating a Subdirectory

1. Select 'Create Subdirectory' option from the Main Menu.



2. Select the drive that contains the ProDOS disk you wish to add a
subdirectory to.



3. Type in the name of the subdirectory you wish to create.



4. Press RETURN and the subdirectory should be created.





Set Options



This is another new command to Copy ][+. It allows you to set a variety of
different options such as the date, printer slot, and mouse scale. If your
computer has a built in clock, then the set clock option will not work. The
printer can be set to a certain slot for printing out catalogs, files, etc .
. . . Lastly you can set how sensitive you want the mouse to react. If you
want it super sensitive (ie: little mouse movement = big movement on the
screen) or less sensitive, you can adjust it to your liking. The save option
allows you to save all the above settings so that they will be there the
next time you boot up.



Setting The Date

1. Select 'Set Options' from the Main Menu.



2. Select 'Date' from the submenu (arrows/mouse/"D")



3. You will then be prompted to set the date in the form of Day-Month-Year:
EG 26-JUL-90 Type in the current date and press RETURN. Computers will
clocks will get a message saying that they cannot set the date.



Setting the Printer Slot

1. Select 'Set Options' from the Main Menu



2. Select 'Printer Slot' from the submenu (arrows/mouse/"P")



3. Type in the slot number of your printer interface card. If you don't want
to use the printer set it to " 0 ".

Note: Apple //c, //c+, IIGS, and Laser 128 users should set it to Slot 1.
The Printer Slot Option affects printing only in the Utilities section. You
don't have to set it to use the printer in the Bit Copy sections.



Setting the Mouse Movement

1. Select 'Set Options' from the Main Menu.



2. Select 'Mouse Scale' from the sub menu (arrows/mouse/"M")



3. You will then be asked in turn to first set the horizontal and then the
vertical mouse setting. Use the arrow keys to select a number between 0 and
255 and then press return. Do the same for the vertical setting. The higher
the number, the slower the mouse will seem to react on the screen. If you
select 0 it will turn off the movement for that direction. Experiment. Try 5
& 5 for a really super sensitive mouse. (so fast that you really can't
control it!) or 250 & 255 (turtles move faster) Personally I like a better
responding mouse have it set at about 10-15 for each.



Save Setup

1. Select 'Set Options' from the Main Menu.



2. Select 'Save Setup' from the submenu (arrows/mouse/"S")

Your settings are automatically saved to disk for future use.





QUIT



When you want to Exit Copy ][+ and run another ProDOS program (that isn't in
your Applications list) or boot another disk, choose the Quit option.

To boot a new disk, put it in the drive, select quit and then press
CTRL-RESET (of course you could always use OP-AP-CTRL-RESET whenever you
want eh??) To quit to ProDOS just select the quit option and press "Q"



ProDOS Quit Code

People who hate the ProDOS quit (is there anyone who likes it?) usually use
a modified quit code. To run your own quit code you need to do the
following:



1. Boot the ProDOS that contains the quit code you like.



2. Run BASIC.SYSTEM



3. Run the Basic program Quit.Save provided on the Copy ][+ disk. This
program will load the quit code that is stored at $D100 - $D3FF and save it
to a file called Util.Quit. From then on, when you quit from Copy ][+ you
will be using the quit that you like instead of Apple's stupid and useless
quit.





Well that is it for the Utilities Section of the manual. If that is all you
use in Copy ][+ then you need not read on further, although it may be
interesting reading for you. The rest of these docs go on to explain the Bit
Copier. After that there are also several useful appendices that you might
want to read over. Hope you enjoy the rest of it: The Terminator.





*******************************

**** Copy ][+ Bit Copier ****

*******************************





The two Bit Copy programs are very similar. They have the same options, but
one is designed for backing up 5.25" disks, the other for 3.5" disks. Except
where noted, any descriptions of Bit Copy apply equally to both Bit Copy
programs. It is important to use the 5.25" Bit Copy program with copy
protected 5.25" disks and the 3.5" Bit copy programs with copy protected
3.5" disks. Copy ][+ is not designed to copy a protected 5.25" disk to a
3.5" disk or vice versa.

Parameters are included to back up many different programs on the Copy ][+
disk. All you have to do is to type in the name of the program you want to
copy and Copy ][+ will do the rest. If you want, you can also enter
parameters of your own or use the NIbble Editor or Hires Disk Scan to see
how a disk is formatted.

There are 13 options in total in the Bit Copy Program. You need only use the
first few options for the majority of disks. Other options are more
technical in nature.



A Word About Parameters



Copy ][+ can automatically copy many different disks. However software
companies keep upgrading their copy protection techniques, and thus special
parameters are needed to copy some disks. These parameters tell the copy
program not to copy the disk in the normal way, but to alter some
information that needs to be changed in order to get a working copy.



Starting the Automatic Bit Copy



1. Boot the Copy ][+ disk and select 'Copy' option from the Main Menu.
Choose either of the Bit Copiers, 5 or 3, depending upon what you want. You
can also launch the bit copiers from ProDOS by running the BitCopy.System
(5.25") or BC3.System (3.5")



2. You will then be asked for the slot of the drive you are using. 5.25" Bit
Copy: Not all controller cards are the same or are identified the same, so
you must enter the slot of your card.

3.5" Bit Copy: When Bit Copy 3.5 first starts up, it checks which slots in
your computer are for 3.5" drives. If it finds one, if knows to use that
slot, and the Bit Copy menu appears right away. If it finds more than one
slot, you must tell it which slot to use. You should now be in the Main Menu
for the Bit Copier.





Auto Copy



1. Select 'Auto Copy' from the Main Menu. As in the Utilities whenever you
are selecting an option you can either use the arrow keys, the mouse, or
type the single letter command.



2. Next, type in the name of the program that you wish to copy or press
RETURN for a complete list. (make sure you have the parameter disk online.)
If you just want a partial list of the parameters, just type out the first
few letters and then all parameters with those first letters will appear.
EG: If you want to see all the entries beginning with GE you would simply
enter GE then RETURN. All the entries starting with GE will appear.

Highlight an entry that you wish to use and press RETURN or click the mouse.



3. Once you have the parameter set you want, Copy ][+ will need to know what
drives you will be using. (you have already told it what slot). Type in the
drive number of the original and then the duplicate. If you only have one
drive then they will be the same: Drive 1. The parameter entry has filled in
the rest of the options for you. Simply hit RETURN to accept the default and
to start the copy process. Make sure the original and duplicate disks are in
the proper drives.



Write Protecting Original Disks



When you write protect a disk, this tells the drive NOT to write information
or to change it or delete it from this disk. The drive can only read
information. So if you accidentally insert an original in the drive instead
of the copy disk, the computer will try to write on the disk, but the drive
will stop it saying: " Hey man, You can't write on this here disk! I won't
let you!" The computer will then stop and tell you that it isn't allowed to
write on the disk and your original will be saved.



5.25": To write protect a 5.25" disk, you have to cover up the notch on the
side of the disk. Although Copy ][+ doesn't require that it be write
protected, for extra safety you should put a write protect tab on it.



3.5": Copy ][+ REQUIRES that 3.5" disks be write protected before it will
copy a disk. To write protect it, it is the opposite of the floppy disk, you
must move the little sliding notch up so that there is a hole through the
disk. If for some reason you don't want to write protect the disk, you can
trick Copy ][+ by just pretending to write protect it and then reinserting
the disk. Copy ][+ only checks the first time, not the second time!!



Copy Status



Copy ][+ uses the middle of the screen to give you detailed information on
how the copying is going. Most of the information you can just ignore. The
bottom of the screen gives you status on how the copy is going.



5.25" Bit Copy: There are 35 tracks to be copied, numbered 0 to 34 or $00 to
$22 in hexidecimal. (some programs use the $23 track) You will see the
display in hexidecimal from Track $00 to Track $23. Underneath is the Error
code line and the half track code line.



3.5" Bit Copy: There are 80 tracks on a 3.5" disk from $00 to $4F. There are
no half tracks here. The error codes appear underneath as in the 5.25" copy.
As the copy progresses you see status letters, then numbers, appear under
each column. For the 3.5" disks, two letters normally appear under each
column. The top letter is for side 1, the bottom letter for side 2.



The Status letters that appear are as follows:



S Synchronizing Track (doesn't always appear)

R Reading Track

A Analyzing Track

W Writing Track

V Verifying Track

M Track stored in memory (5.25" only)





Errors and Error Numbers



In addition, as each track is finished, a track status number is left on the
display. The numbers that appear are:



0: No Error. Track copied correctly

2: Read Error. Cannot read the track with these parameters

3: Track too long.

4: Duplicate disk is write protected. (remove the tab)

5: Write verify error. (for 5.25" copies the most likely cause is duplicate
drive speed too fast) Or if Synch tracks was on and Bit Copy was unable to
synchronize them

6: Nibble count error.

7: Sector edit I/O error.



Note that error #1 is no longer used. Even if you get some errors, they copy
may still work. Copy ][+ tries its best to copy a track even if there are
errors. (and the error could have occurred on a part of the disk that isn't
used.) On the other hand, even if you get no errors, the copy may still not
work. The copy parameters could have missed a hidden part of code that needs
to be changed in order to work. Best way to tell: Boot the disk and see if
it works.



Auto Copy Again



After you finished the first copy and if you remain in the Bit Copy program,
the parameters will stay in the memory. EG: if you just copied Bard's Tale,
and you try to do another Auto Copy, Copy ][+ will ask you: Use 'Bard's
Tale' ? Y If you want to use it again, press either Y or just RETURN. If you
want to use another set of parameters, just hit N and then enter the new
name.



Partial Auto Copy



Sometimes when you are trying to make a backup of a disk, you will have to
copy it several times. In most cases the disk copys okay except for a few
different tracks. In this case, all you have to do is to recopy those
tracks. With Partial Auto Copy, you can specify the range of tracks to copy
and Copy ][+ will fill in the rest of the parameters just like Auto Copy
does.



1. Choose 'Partial Auto Copy' from the Bit Copy Menu.



2. Type in the name of the program you want to copy, or if it is already in
memory, just hit RETURN.



3. Enter the drive number for the original and duplicate disks.



4. Now, you are asked for the start of the track you wish to start your
copy. Type in the track where you want to start.



5. Then you must enter the last track that you want copied. Just hit return
if you want it to copy to the end of the disk. The rest of the parameters
are filled in for you as before.



6. Insert your original and duplicate disks and hit RETURN.





HD Parameter Entries



For the 3.5" Bit Copy program many of the entries for the Apple IIGS include
the designation (HD), which means that a copy can be made to work on your
hard drive. This does NOT mean that it will copy the program to your hard
drive. What it does is remove, or modify, the copy protection so that it
will work on a hard disk. You make the copy as usually, uni --> uni, then
you File copy the disk to your hard drive.



1. Select 'Auto Copy' from the Main Menu.

2. Select the appropriate HD parameter.

3. Return to the Utilities menu when the backup is finished.

4. Select 'Copy Files' from the Utilities Main Menu.

5. Copy the application file(s) from that uni to the hard drive.



The program should now run off of your hard drive. If it doesn't then the
parameters were wrong or the program wasn't designed to run off of a hard
drive..



NOTE: Apple IIGS user with Central Point or Laser UDC cards and 3.5" drives:
There are some Apple IIGS programs which won't work with a UDC card because
of certain tricks in the copy protection. The HD parameter entries work by
removing the copy protection from the backup during the copy process. Use
these entries to copy whenever possible.





Hints when Using the Bit Copy



Many copy protected programs can be copied without using any special
parameters at all. These programs can be backed up using the "Try Standard"
parameter entry. If the program still doesn't copy correctly, you can try
different special parameters. This all have the work "Try" in them as in
"Try Sync" or "Try Header". These Try entries are designed to copy a wide
range of programs. Each one uses a slightly different way of copying disk.
The only thing you can do is to keep trying.



Sometimes you might find that a certain entry won't copy the program it is
supposed to copy. This is because the company that makes the game has
probably increased or modified the copy protection scheme since these
parameter were created. Also, another reason may be the drive itself,
especially the 5.25" drives. Some drives can handle tracks, half tracks,
quarter tracks better than others. A perfect copy is very hard to make. A
working copy is all you really need.

Here are a few general hints which might help:



o Try it again! Who knows, maybe something was missed during the first copy!
Try using Partial Auto copy on those tracks with errors. Also, if you have
two drives, try copying from Drive 2 to Drive 1. The speed difference may be
the factor.



o Try the copying on another computer. Yours may not be fried, but there
could be some little quirks in the circuitry.



o For 5.25" copys, make sure your drive speeds are correct. Ideally your
duplicate drive should be spinning at exactly the same rate as "the drive
which originally made the disk". This can be impossible, at times. Bit copy
programs work best if the drive speed is slowed down a bit though.



o Use Manual Bit Copy. Set parameter 3E=02 or 3E=02 and 55=03.



If after trying everything and you still don't get a working copy made, drop
Central Point a line with a note of your problem.





Quit

1. Choose 'Quit' from the Bit Copy Main Menu.

2. Choose RETURN to go back to the Utilities.

3. Choose ESC to return to the Bit Copy Main Menu.

4. Press CTRL-RESET to reboot another disk.



If you launched the Bit Copy program, you will only have the options: Quit
to Prodos, ESC to RE-Enter Bit Copy, and of course CTRL-RESET to reboot.



*****************************

**** Manual Bit Copier ****

*****************************





Manual Bit Copy is the option you choose if you want to set all the
parameters yourself. You have total control of the Bit Copy process, from
entering drive numbers and tracks to the individual parameters.



1. Select 'Manual Bit Copy' from the Bit Copy menu.



2. Enter the drives you wish to use for the original and the duplicate disk.
If you only have one drive Copy ][+ will prompt you to put in the original
and duplicate disks.



3. Enter the track number you wish to start the copying at. This must be a
hexidecimal number from $00 --> $23 for 5.25" disks and $00 --> $4F for 3.5"
disks.



4. Next enter the last track you want copied. (within the above limits) The
defaults in both cases are the end of the disks.



5. Next, you must enter the spacing of tracks you wish to use. Most disks
use adjacent tracks (0,1,2,3,...) and should have the spacing set to the
default: 1

5.25": Apple 5.25" drives can be positioned to read from half tracks and
even quarter tracks. Some copy protection schemes use this fact to protect
their disks by writing on half tracks. (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, ...) Spacing here
would be 1.5 for the track increment.Half tracks end in .5; quarter tracks
end in .25 or .75

3.5": Apple 3.5" drives can only step by whole tracks at a time. The Track
Start, End, and Increment must be multiples of some whole number EG:
1,2,3,....

Also for 3.5" disks you must tell Copy ][+ the number of sides you are
using. 99% of the time this will be 2. If you happen to be copying a single
sided uni, change the default number to 1.



6. Synchronize Tracks: Enter Y for yes or RETURN for no. If you answer yes,
Copy ][+ maintains the track to track alignment of the data from the
original disk to the backup. Synchronizing tracks slows down the copy
process somewhat.



7. Keep Track Length: Enter Y for yes or RETURN for no. This is also known
as nibble counting, and if selected, it will cause the duplicate disk to
have the same number of nibbles per track as the original disk. A nibble is
4 bits, which is half a byte. Nibble counting will help back up disks that
require it, but takes longer and can otherwise make the disk slightly less
reliable. Answer Y for Yes if you want to keep the track length.



8. Insert the original and duplicate disks and press RETURN to begin copying
OR Press Q if you want to quit the Bit Copy program entirely OR ESC to go
back to the Bit Copy Main Menu OR press / to modify parameters.



Modifying Parameters



You may need to change one or more of the parameters before copying the
disk. Every parameter has both a number and a value associated with it. EG:
parm# $31 determines whether or not Copy ][+ will fix invalid bytes; if the
value of parameter $31 is 0 then it won't. Other parameters have different
functions.



Changing Parameters



1. Follow the directions for Manual Bit Copy.



2. After answering the questions, press / to modify parameters.



3. Type the number of the parameter you wish to change. The current value of
the parameter then appears.



4. Type in the new value of the parameter. Then Copy ][+ asks you again for
a parameter, enter the next one to be changed or hit RETURN (or mouse
button) to quit modifying the parms. If you want to restore all the parms to
their original values, type in $FF when asked for a parameter and then
answer Y to restore all the parameters.



5. You'll be back to the last submenu again. Press RETURN to start the
copying or one of the other options.



As each track is copied you will see the copy status as you did in Auto
Copy. The technical information again appears in the middle of the screen.
The TRACK number tells you what track is being copied. The START value is
the address within the memory buffer where Copy ][+ found the start of the
track. The LENGTH value is how many bytes long (minus any "big gap") the
track data is.

Next is a block of hexidecimal bytes from the disk which Copy ][+ determined
to be the track start. Sync bytes are shown in inverse and the actual track
start it the first byte in the second row.

On the last line, the SOURCE number is the total number of bytes on the
original track, including a possible sync field before the data. A number
also appears for OBJECT, showing the number of bytes that were written to
the duplicate disk. When nibble counting is used this number will change as
Copy ][+ adjusts the number of bytes being written to match the SOURCE byte
count. On the right, you'll see either HEADER or SYNC for each track. This
describes which method Copy ][+ used to determine the start of the track.





Manual Sector Copy



The 'Manual Sector Copy' option provides an alternate way of copying some
protected disks. Rather than reading an entire track at a time, Manual
Sector Copy reads each sector from the track. It then formats and writes
each sector to the backup. This option can back up normal, or near normal,
disks more reliably, and can handle a few more protection schemes more
readily than Manual Bit Copy. However, Manual Sector Copy is not designed to
copy disks whose formatting differs greatly from DOS.



1. Select Manual Bit Copy from the Bit Copy Main Menu.



2. Type in the drive you with to use for the original and duplicate disks.



3. Type in the number of the track you wish to start copying on. This number
must be hexidecimal. Press RETURN for the default.



4. Type in the number of the track you wish to stop copying on. Again, it
must be hexidecimal. Press RETURN for the default value. ($22 for 5.25"
disks, $4F for 3.5" disks)



5. Next, type in the track increment. Usually you'll use 1. Again if you are
using a 3.5" disk, you will also have to tell Copy ][+ how many sides you
are copying.



6. Hit RETURN to start copying, ESC to restart, Q to Quit or / to modify
parameters.

NOTE: Whenever you modify parameters using either Manual Copy method, they
will remain changed until you change them again or reset them to default.
They ARE NOT RESET TO DEFAULT between each copy. Even if you switch from
Sector to Bit copy, the modified parameters STAY modified. For Auto Copy
however, they are reset before each copy. (Rem: $FF resets the parameters)





*****************************

**** Bit Copy ****

**** Technical Tools ****

*****************************







This next section will explain the various options that allow you to examine
and modify disks and files on the disks. For a better understanding of this
section, I would recommend that you know something about hexidecimal
numbers, disk formatting, and a wee bit of assembly language.

The Terminator



Nibble Editor



You can use the 'Nibble Editor' to see the actual bytes stored on any track
of the disk. This can be extremely helpful for learning about disk
formatting, or helping to determine what protection method is being used on
the disk. Under this option, you can only view the data, NOT alter it.



1. Select 'Nibble Editor' from the Bit Copy Main Menu.



2. Type in the drive that you will be using.



3. Enter the start track and the end track numbers.



4. Enter the the track increment.



5. Synchronize Tracks: Type in Y for yes or RETURN for no. If you answer
yes, Copy ][+ will align each track right before reading data from it.



6. Insert the disk you are using and press RETURN. The start track is now
read into the buffer.



The first line of the Nibble Editor displays what track you are currently
on, its start address in memory, and its length. Since no analysis has been
done yet, this is the start address and length of the entire buffer, not of
the track data. Beneath this is the actual track image. It is shown as the
computer memory address followed by 8 hexadecimal bytes per line. The work
VIEW to the right lets you know you are in VIEW mode and you can scroll
through the track buffer. This address at the right marked by <- is the
actual memory address of the byte that's under the flashing cursor. Sync
bytes are shown in inverse



You can now ask Copy ][+ to perform its track analysis by pressing A. The
track analysis routines, using the current parameter settings, determine the
START and LENGTH values at the top to reflect the track size rather than the
memory buffer size.



Pressing Q quits this track and moves on to the next track. ESC exits the
editor, SPACE will re-read the track and position the cursor back to the
beginning of the memory buffer. / operates just as it does in copying. To
get a list of commands available, press ? (WITH the shift key down).



Using the Nibble Editor from Manual Bit Copy



1. Choose 'Manual Bit Copy', selecting the tracks you want to edit.



2. Set parameter $0B to 2. This tells Copy ][+ to "Copy with nibble editor
entry" It reads a track from the original disk, then takes you into the
Nibble Editor so you can edit that track.



3. Press Q to quit the editor, when you're finished editing. Copy ][+ then
resumes the copy process, writing the edited track to the duplicate disk.



When using the editor from Manual Bit Copy rather than the Nibble Editor
option, the A to analyze, / to change parameters, and SPACE to reread
commands are not available.





Sector Editor



This allows you to directly view and change the data on any sector of the
disk. This is handy for looking into the Track/Sector list etc. This option
is highly technical, and a good understanding of hexidecimal and ascii is
needed. The Sector Editor for the 5.25" version will not work with 3.5"
disks and visa versa.



1. Choose 'Sector Editor' from the Bit Copy Main Menu.



2. Enter the drive number of the disk you wish to use, or press RETURN or
click the mouse button for the default.



3. To view all the commands available to you press ?





Reading Sectors (5.25")



1. Select 'Sector Editor' from the Bit Copy Main Menu.



2. Select the correct drive where your disk is.



3. Press 'R' to read a sector and enter the hexidecimal track and sector
numbers you wish to read.



Seventeen lines of the sector are displayed at one time. The hexidecimal
bytes are shown in the center of the screen, while the ASCII equivalents are
shown on the right side. On the left are the addresses of the bytes,
starting with $00 ---> $FF as the last byte.



Reading Sectors (3.5")



With the 3.5" disks you have two ways of selecting the data you want to
view; either by: Track, Sector, and Side OR by Block. Pressing 'M' will
change between these two modes.



1. Select 'Sector Editor' from the Bit Copy Main Menu.



2. Select the appropriate drive you wish to examine.



3. Press 'R' to read a sector. Whichever mode is on the left, is what you
will be asked to type in; blocks, or track,sector,side.



4 Enter, in hexidecimal, the location you wish to view. You will
automatically be given the equivalent in the mode you are not using.



In addition to the 512 bytes of data, each sector on a 3.5" disk also
contains 12 bytes of "tag" information. These bytes are only used by Macs
and are always 00 on Apple formatted disks.



Moving Around



For both 3.5" and 5.25" disks, you can use the arrow keys to move around the
screen. Pressing B will move to the beginning of the buffer, and E to the
end. You can also move to any specific address by pressing A for address and
entering the address. Pressing R will reread the current sector. + and -
will read the next and previous sectors respectively.



Changing Bytes



HEX: Move the cursor to the place where you want to start the changes and
press 'H'. The cursor will now start blinking. Enter the value you want and
press RETURN. You will now be at the next byte. You can continue to modify
or press ESC to quit.



TEXT: Move the cursor to where you want to start the changes. Press 'T' and
the cursor over the text character should start blinking. Type in your
changes. Continue typing text or press ESC to quit. Note that any control
characters typed will also be placed into the buffer.



To Write the changes back to disk press "W". You will then be prompted for
the track and sector (or block). The default is the same as the last block
read in. Press RETURN to accept the default.





A Quick Tutorial on Sector Editing



1. Do NOT sector edit an original disk. Only modify a backup!



2. Choose Sector Edit and select the right drive.



3. Press R to read and enter the track/sector or block numbers



4. Position the cursor and press [H]ex or [T]ext.



5. Make the changes you want and press ESC to quit.



6. Press W to write the changes back to disk.





Disassembly



The Sector Editor can disassemble and list any 6502 machine language code
that my be in a sector. Position the cursor where you want to start the
listing and press 'L' for List Disassembly. You will then see 20 lines of
disassembled code. Press L to list another 20 lines of code or RETURN to go
back to the buffer display.



Printer Dumps



Using the printer option, you can print either the buffer display or a
disassembled listing. This option works through slot 1. (if your printer is
in another slot, change the value of parameter $48 to your slot number) To
print the buffer, press "D" and all 32 lines of the sector will be printed.
To print a disassembly listing, press "L" then "D" to dump 20 lines to the
printer. To continue printing, press either L or D. To stop, press RETURN



Scanning For Bytes



Another feature of the Sector Editor is the ability to scan for a particular
set of bytes. You can either scan for hexadecimal bytes or text. It will
scan from the present position of the cursor to the end of the buffer. If
you haven't read in a block yet this option will scan the whole disk.



1. Press "S" to scan for bytes.



2. Press either [H]ex or [T]ext. If you selected hex, type in your
hexidecimal values each separated by a space. If you selected text, type in
your text to scan for.



3. Press RETURN



The scan will stop at the first occurrence of the bytes you specified. If it
can't find the pattern of bytes it will say BYTES NOT FOUND. If a first
occurrence is found and you want to find the next occurrence just hit S
again then press RETURN twice to accept your old defaults.





Patch



Another Sector Edit option is [P]atch Read/Write Routines. Normally the
Sector Editor can read only standard formatted disks. Some protected
programs use a slightly modified format so that the disk cannot be read with
normal DOS. Patch lets you read or write these changed sectors. Programs
that don't contain sectors at all though, will not be able to be read. Only
use Patch if 1) you're sector editing a backup of a commercial program and
you have instructions on what patch option to use or 2) you're familiar with
disk and sector formatting.



**Note: I am omitting some details on Patching here as only a few of you
might actually use it.





Hi-Res Disk Scan



The Hi-Res Disk Scan option is a quick graphical way to analyze which tracks
or half tracks might contain useful data. It does this by showing you a
pattern of dots on the Hi-Res screen. Each track is read into the track
buffer, then is divided into groups of 41 bytes each. If there are no
invalid or sync bytes in the group, it leaves that point black. The dots for
each track are plotted in a vertical line, from top to bottom of the screen.



1. Select 'Hi-Res Disk Scan' from the Bit Copy Main Menu.



2. Answer the questions concerning drive, track range, and synchronized
tracks.



3. Insert the disk in the drive and press RETURN.



Each track is plotted in a vertical line over the track number. The dots are
the sync fields between the sectors. The short stripe on each track is the
longer sync field at the start of the track. If you scan a normal DOS disk,
on the (unwritten) half-tracks, you'll see irregular patterns or stripes and
dots. This is caused by the drive trying to read bytes from the whole tracks
on either side of the half-track, leaning toward one track or the other.

The patterns will not line up from one track to the next. The timing used
when stepping from track to track is not the same as when the disk was
written, so each pattern begins at a different point around the circular
track. If you scan a disk that has never been used, you will see a solid
white line for each track. This is because unformatted disks contain many
invalid bytes which show up as white. Unused tracks on a protected disk will
also appear as a white stripe. Use the Disk Scan to locate some interesting
tracks and then investigate with the Nibble Editor!





*****************************

**** Parameter Entries ****

*****************************





In this next section, I'll cover the main points of creating and editing
your own parameter entries. Why; might you ask, do I need to make parameters
if they are provided on the disk? Well, Central Point Software can only keep
up with so many programs and updates. You might find a program that came out
after the parameter list was made up, or a newer update with new copy
protection. If you receive parameters to back up this new update, either
from CPS, the software company or your friend, it is nice to know you can
easily make your own to use on Copy ][+.



Create new Parm Entries



Each parameter entry is a special set of instructions to Copy ][+ on how to
copy a certain disk. The parameter changes are the same ones used in Manual
Bit and Sector Copy. The following explains the commands used and gives some
examples.



Txx-Tyy Copies from Start Track xx to End Track yy

T0-T23 Copies T$00 --> T$22 (entire 5.25" disk)

T1.5-T9.5 Copies from track 1.5 to 7.5 (half tracks!)

T3.75-TE.75 Copies Track 3.75 to E.75 (quarter tracks!)



Txx Copies from Start Track xx to End Track xx

T1F Copies only track 1F (Start = End track!)

T0 Copies T$00



STEP zz Select a Track Increment of zz

STEP 2 Track Increment set to 2 (copy every other track)

STEP 1.5 Select Track Increment of 1.5



SYNC Synchronizes tracks (IE: answer Yes to Sync)



KEEP Keep Track Length (Answers Y to question)



xx=yy Sets parameter number xx to value yy

3E=2 Set parameter $3E to 2

10=97 Set parameter $10 to a value of $97



RESTORE Restores all parameters. This command should

always be on a line by itself.



SECTOR COPY Does a Sector copy instead of Bit Copy. If no

tracks are specified it copies the entire disk.



"Comment" Prints any comment you wish on the screen. Each

should be only 1 line long.



The instructions that do a copy need to be separated by a comma. Here are
some examples:



T5 Copy Track $05 only.

T10-1A Copy from T$10 to T$1A

TF-T15, SYNC Copy T$F --> T$15 with Sync on

T5-T2A, KEEP Copy T$5 to T$2A with nibble count on

T2-T8, SYNC, KEEP Copy T$2 to T$8 sync and nibble on

T9, 3E=2 Copy Track $09, set parm 3E = 2

T0-T20, E=D4, F=AB Start Track $0, End Track $20, change

parameters: E = D4 and F = AB



T5-T3A, SIDE 1 Copies tracks on side 1 only (3.5" ONLY).



For more complete examples, just browse through the different parameters
already on the Copy ][+ disk.



Sector Edit Parameters



The Bit Copy program can also do automatic sector editing to the duplicate
drive, controlled by a parameter entry with Auto Copy. Sector editing is a
novel method used to help back up certain protected disks.

On some protected disks, most of the program is NOT protected. There are
only a few protected areas that need to be worried about. It is these
sections that the disk looks for when it is booted and if it can't find
them, then it knows it is a copy of an original( and will crash or won't
boot at all)

Sector editing takes this little 'check' out of the duplicates disk
protection. It simply says "Hey, if you can't find these original bytes,
DON'T worry about it! " And the copy continues to boot and runs the program.



Sector edit instructions need to specify:



o Which track and sector must be modified

o Whether it is DOS 3.3 or 3.2 (5.25" only)

o If the Read/Write routines should be patched

o The addresses in the sector to be changed along with their new values.



Here is the order in which to perform a sector edit:



SECTOR EDIT, Starts the sector edit.

TRACK xx, Track number in hexidecimal

SECTOR yy, Sector number (hexidecimal)

DOS 3.3, Which DOS we are using (5.25")

SIDE z Which side to use (3.5")

or BLOCK zzzz Block number, alternate to track, sector

and side. (3.5")

PATCHED (optional) Patched option if desired

aa:dd, (optional) Optional parameter changes

aa:dd/dd/dd/dd String of adjacent bytes to be changed



Here are a couple of examples:



5.25" Bit Copy

SECTOR EDIT, TRACK 0, SECTOR 8, DOS 3.3, A0:60, 14:00



3.5" Bit Copy

SECTOR EDIT, TRACK 3E, SECTOR 2, SIDE 2, 1EF:01



SECTOR EDIT, BLOCK 5F4, PATCHED, 59=97, 14:00, 15D:2F,AF,32





Creating a Parm Entry



1. Select 'Create New Parm Entry' from Bit Copy Main Menu.



2. Enter the name of the program. Press RETURN. A '*' will appear beside the
name; all user entries have *'s, CPS entries will not have asterisks.



3. Type your name/alias or whatever (The Terminator if you like)



4. You are now in the actual parameter entry area.

5.25": Left arrow deletes, right arrow replaces characters. To move around,
hit ESC then use the arrow keys. Hit any key (except ? ) to get out of
movement mode. Hit ESC then ? for commands.



3.5": The DELETE key deletes, OPEN-APPLE-DELETE replaces the characters. To
move the cursor use the arrow keys. Press ? for a list of available
commands.



For either Bit Copys, when you hit RETURN, Copy ][+ checks the line for
errors. (Just as INTEGER BASIC used to give you errors when you typed a line
of code wrong, so does Copy ][+ !!) If there is an error, you will see an
error message at the bottom of the screen telling you that something is
wrong with that line.



5. Press ESC then CTRL-Q (5.25") or ESC (3.5") to get back to the Bit Copy
Main Menu. You can now use the entry, or better still, save it to disk !!





Load Parm Entry



1. Select 'Load Parm Entry' from the Bit Copy Main Menu.



2. Type in the name of the entry or RETURN for a list. The parameter edit
entry screen appears.



3. Edit the entry using the same rules as creating a parm entry.



4. Press ESC then CTRL-Q (5.25") or ESC (3.5") to quit.





Edit Parm Entry



With the 'Edit Parm Entry' option, you can look at, modify or do whatever
you want to the current parameter entry in memory. As in the edit or create
parameter entry options, you must follow the rules or else Copy ][+ will get
mad at you and start giving you errors. Funny note here from Copy ][+ : "The
Message 'Buffer Full' appears if you press ESC too many times." I wonder why
they have that in there? Beats me!





Save Parm Entry



1. Choose 'Save Parm Entry' from the Bit Copy Main Menu.



That's all. Easy, wasn't it? If there is already an entry by that name
though, Copy ][+ will ask you if you want to replace the old one with the
new one. Enter Y if you do, anything else will abort the save. Save entries
only on a backup of the Copy ][+ disk. You HAVE been using just the backup
till now haven't you ?



Rename/Delete Parm Entry



1. Choose either 'Rename' or 'Delete Parm Entry'



2. Type in the name of the entry or hit return for a list.



3. For Delete, highlight the entry and press RETURN. For Rename, highlight
the entry, press RETURN and type in the new name.





Print Parm File



1. Choose 'Print Parm File' from the Bit Copy Menu.



2. You are then asked for a starting and ending entry. For either you can
type in an entry, the first few letters of a name, or just press RETURN both
times.



The printer will print out the entries starting at the entry you typed in
first (or the letter) and ending at the entry you typed in last (or letter)
To print the entire file, hit RETURN both times.





Possible Errors



'Write Protect Error' Remove the tab dummy !!!

'Wrong Disk' Copy ][+ is looking for the parm disk.

'I/O Error' Unable to read/write to disk.(damaged?)

'Disk Full' Guess that this means!!! NO MORE ROOM!

'Parm Entry Directory Full' Only 752 entries allowed per volume.

'Parm Entry Not Found' The entry you entered doesn't exist!!

'Entry Already Exists' You tried to save an entry that already

exists on the disk.

'The Parm Entries on This Disk Have Been Destroyed'

Now, I have never even seen this one!! It means that somehow, ALL your parm
entries have been corrupted! Time to send in for a new disk update!!





*****************************

**** Disks And ****

**** Disk Hardware ****

*****************************







ProDOS, DOS 3.3, Blocks, Sectors



The Copy ][+ Utilities can work with disks created by either DOS 3.3 or
ProDOS. DOS 3.3 must be on 35 track floppy disks to work with Copy ][+.
ProDOS can be only almost any size volume from a small RAM disk to hard
drives.



ProDOS divides disk devices into blocks, each block containing 512 bytes of
data. DOS 3.3 divides the floppy disk directly into 256 byte sectors. When
saving a file, DOS always saves in chunks of 256 bytes. ProDOS is similar,
only it saves in chunks of 512 byte blocks.



5.25" Disks: Tracks and Sectors



There are 35 circular tracks number 0 through 34 on the floppy disk.( Hex
$00 to $22) The outermost is 0 and inner most is 34. Each track is divided
into 16 sectors numbered 0 to 15. Each sector stores 256 bytes of data.
Therefore, there are 560 sectors or 143 360 bytes (140K) on a standard DOS
3.3 disk.



3.5: Disks: Tracks, Sectors, Sides, Blocks



There are 80 circular tracks on a 3.5" disk numbered 0 to 79 ($00 to $4F)
Most 3.5" disks are double sided which means that they contain information
on both sides of the disk. Each track is divided into several sectors, each
sector containing 512 bytes of data. The sectors per track depend upon which
track you're on. The outer tracks have more sectors while the inner ones
have less. The following table details this:



Track Sectors/Track

0 - 15 12

16 - 31 11

32 - 47 10

48 - 63 9

64 - 79 8





Note: A bunch of technical details follow this that hardly anyone will take
advantage or cares about. If you do, go buy the manual for yourself. I will
skip this section. The Terminator





Disk Protection Methods



There are two possible approaches to copy protection. The first is to store
the program on the disk in such a way that a bit copier can't reproduce all
of it. When you try to run the copy, the program is incomplete and won't
run. The second approach is to store the program quite normally, but add
special bytes or patterns somewhere on the disk, that are hard to copy. When
you boot the program, it seems to work, but then when it checks for the
special bytes and doesn't find them, it crashes or just freezes up the
computer.



Why can't Bit Copiers do it All ??



There are a few reasons why bit copiers can't copy everything. One of the
major reasons is that on a circular track, there is no real start or end to
the track. A bit copy must start reading at some point and make some sense
of what it is reading. After reading the track into a buffer two or three
times, it can find similar bytes and therefore determine exactly how many
bytes there are on the track. If all drives spun at exactly the same speed,
then the bit copier could, starting at any byte, write the correct number of
bytes to the disk every time. These bytes would exactly fill the track with
the last one coming right before the first one written.



Since drives don't spin at the same rate, if the duplicate drive is too
fast, the bytes on a track would overwrite themselves. If the disk spins too
slow, there will be a gap between the end and start bytes. Therefore, one of
the tasks for a bit copier is to identify the start and end of any useful
data on each track. Many copy protection methods make it hard for bit
copiers to do this.



Changed Address and Data Headers



On normal disks, the address and data headers are standard values. Copy
programs expect to find them on normal sectors of the disk, with correct
prologs, epilogs, checksums, etc. These provide clues to the copier of where
the track starts and ends.



Since Apple DOS looks for these bytes first when reading a sector, changing
these bytes to new values will cause any normal copy program to fail. This
was one of the first methods of copy protection used, but it is still wildly
used today.



Changed Sync Bytes



The first bit copy programs didn't look for address prologs at all. Instead,
they looked for the large sync fields of $FF's and determined that a track
started right after one of these. Soon, copy protection methods changed the
address headers as well as the sync fields. Some programs had sync fields of
$FE's instead of $FF's. But then copiers adapted by being able to recognize
a large range of sync bytes.



Soon some disks had large fields of invalid bytes followed by just the bare
minimum of sync bytes required by the hardware. Without address headers or
large sync fields, copiers were not able to find the start and end of
tracks. But, invalid bytes were obviously not part of the program code, and
therefore, bit copiers just read them (very inaccurate, but who cares, they
are invalid anyway) and wrote them back as valid sync field bytes (as the
program never access this area, it doesn't matter what the values of these
bytes are)



It was about now that the concept of parameters was introduced. It then
became obvious that no one set of algorithms could effectively copy all
programs.



Synchronized Tracks



Another way to copy protect the disk is to change nothing that is visible on
the track, just change the alignment of the information from track to track.
When DOS formats a disk, the tracks are written with a certain circular
alignment. Most copy programs and formatting programs all produce different
alignments. This usually doesn't hurt anything, however, a copy protected
disk can be created with a certain fixed alignment, then this alignment can
be checked by the program. If this alignment differs from what should be,
the program knows it is a copy and refuses to run

Some bit copy programs include an option to handle synchronized tracks. They
copy not only the data, but whatever track alignment is on the disk as well.



Half Tracks



This method appeared about the same time as synchronized tracks. The Apple
5.25" drive can actually position to 70 different tracks, not just 35.
Unfortunately, the read/write head used in the drive is too wide to write
complete tracks on every track boundary. It would overwrite the data stored
on the adjacent tracks, so DOS actually steps twice for every track on the
disk. Some disks however, start writing their information on the half track:
0, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, ... instead of 0,1,2,3, ...

There is no easy way to tell which half tracks are written to and which are
not. The Hires Disk Scan option can help you find the half tracks containing
valid data.



Extra Track?



The hardware on most drives is capable of accessing one extra track after
the last track on the disk. Since normal copy programs only copy to the
'normal' end of the disk, they miss the extra track at the end that some
programs us to store important data. Copy ][+ allows you to copy this extra
($23) track.



Bit Insertion



Remember that sync bytes are bytes written with extra zero bits on the end.
Groups of sync $FF's are written to ensure that the hardware will
synchronize to the data on the disk. Well, nothing prevents you from putting
an extra bit on the end of other bytes, as long as the maximum number of
consecutive zeros is not exceeded. Whenever the program must access this
disk frequently this method is easy, since it doesn't interfere with any DOS
routines. They is why so much business software uses it.

Whenever one of these programs is booted, it finds the spot on the disk
where it knows these special bit-inserted bytes should be. It then uses a
carefully timed routine to see if there are any extra bits there. If not, it
knows this is a copy and won't run.

Earlier bit copy programs could not determine which bytes on the disk were
sync bytes. They instead took a guess as to where the sync bytes were. The
more recent versions of Copy ][+ use a more sophisticated read routine and
can determine sync with a fairly high degree of accuracy. These bytes appear
in the Nibble Editor as inverse.



Nibble Counting



You can adjust the speed of your Apple 5.25" drive. They normally run at
about 200 milliseconds per revolution. This can vary, though, and therefore
affects the number of bytes that will fit on the track. Some software takes
advantage of this by first writing its track, then re-reading the track to
see how many bytes are on the track. This value is then stored somewhere on
the disk. When you get the disk and boot it, the program then compares how
many bytes it has in each track with the stored number for that track. If
the counts differ, then it knows that it is a copy and will not run.

Bit copy programs respond to this by varying the nibble count without
changing your drive speed. Remember that if your original and duplicate
drive speeds are nearly the same, the nibble count will be close already.



Long Tracks



Some protected 5.25" programs are written with large amounts of data on a
single track. To do this the drive speed is slowed down slightly. If you
then try to copy the disk with a normal drive speed, the information on the
long track will overwrite itself. When this method is used, about the best
solution is to just adjust the speed of your drive. If your drive normally
spins at about 200 millisecs/rev then slow down your duplicate drive speed
to about 200.5 or 201.



Write Protect Check



Some programs are purchased on disks that don't have any write protect notch
on them (they are always write protected!) Some times the program checks to
see if it is write protected or not. If it isn't, then the program will hang
or crash. The best way around this is one little rule: If the original is
write protected, do the same for the backup; if it isn't protected, then
don't protect your backup.



Non-sync Sync



A few copy protected programs use a pattern of normal 8 bit bytes to
synchronize the hardware to the disk data. This pattern usually has to be
fairly long and consist of the proper bytes in order to to synchronize
properly. If this method is used, then 9 and 10 sync bytes are not needed,
making it more difficult for bit copy programs to determine the start and
end track locations.



Spiral Tracks



This method combines synchronized tracks with half tracks to store data in
an unexpected way. A spiral disk is created by writing about 1/4 of the
normal information stored on a track, then stepping to the next half track
and doing the same. This process is repeated until all the information is
written to disk. Since each track portion is short, it never overwrites the
the data on the half track before or after it. If you try to copy the disk
without synchronizing then the half tracks will overwrite themselves.

One technique that helps to copy a disk that uses spiral tracks is to read
and write on quarter tracks, between half tracks. The drive can read the two
track arcs on either side in one revolution of the disk.





Routines and Special Parameters



This section deals with copying routines and the function of special
parameters. It is not necessary to the normal use of Copy ][+. I will also
omit this section and just precede will a summary of the parameters.





Summary of Parameters



Parm# Orig. Name Description

-----------------------------------

00 01 EREAD # of read retries if track can't be analyzed

01 01 EWRITE Number of write retries if verify fails

02 1A TRKMAX Maximum track length in pages

03 10 TRKMIN Minimum track length in pages

06 01 SYNC.# Min. # of sync for a standard sync routine

07 7F STAND Standardized sync value to replace with,

for Fix Invalid Nibbles, Clean Sync Fields

and Standardize Sync.

08 00 STANDF Use standard sync routine? 1=Yes, 0=No

09 00 CLEAN? Use clean sync fields routine? 1=Yes, 2=No

0A 0B MATCH # of bytes to match with ADDRESS.START table

when finding track start by header

0B 01 DISPLAY 01= see track display when copying. 00 = No

display. 02= enter Nibble editor each track.

0C 00 SYNC.TRACK Track to synchronize with Synchronize

track routine.

0D 00 DOSYNC Synchronize tracks? 1=Yes, 0=No

0E D5 ADDRESS.START Table of bytes to match with when

finding track start by header.

0F AA

10 96

11-->14 00

15 AA

16 AA

17 00

18 00

19 DE ADDRESS.END Bytes to match in Clean Sync Fields

1A AA

1B 00

1C D5 DATA.START Bytes to match in Clean Sync Fields

1D AA

1E AD

1F DE DATA.END Bytes to match in Clean Sync Fields

20 AA

21 00

22 D5 SYNC.START Bytes to match on reference track in

Synchronized tracks.

23 AA

24 96

25-->28 00

29 AA

2A AA

2B 00

2C 00

2D DE

2E AA

2F 00

30 0B SYNC.MATCH # of bytes on reference track to match

with SYNC.START table in Synch. Tracks

routine.

31 01 FIX.INVALID? Use Fix Invalid Nibbles routine? 1=Y 0=N

32 02 GLITCH.SIZ # of consecutive non-sync bytes that are

allowed in a sync field (Standard Sync)

33 01 CHANGE In Stand. Sync Routine, convert non-sync

bytes to sync also ? 1 = Yes 0 = No

34 00 BIT.FLAG Use Bit insert routine? 1=Yes 0=No

35 DE BIT.TABLE Table of bytes to match with for Bit

Insertion routine.

36 AA

37 6B

38 00

39 00

3A 04 END.GLITCH Max # of consecutive non-sync bytes that

are allowed in the last sync field before

track start.

3D 0C KEEP # of bytes to shorten all sync fields to,

in Track Chop routines

3E 01 BITS # of zero bits to add to all sync bytes

when writing.

43 00 PAGE.OVF Ignore sync field longer than 256 bytes

when looking for track start? 1=Yes 0=No

44 00 CUT? Cut track end off a fixed # of bytes from

track start ? 1 = Yes 0 = No

45 08 CUT.HIGH High byte: # of bytes to cut from track start.

46 1F CUT.LOW Low byte: # of bytes to cut from track

start.

47 01 VERIFY? Verify track after writing? 1=Yes 0=No

48 01 PRSLOT Printer slot number

4A 3B PLINE # of lines per page to print when printing

track buffer.

4B 00 DONIB? Do nibble count? 1=Yes 0=No This is also

set by KEEP TRACK LENGTH question.

4C 01 TOLERANCE How closely nibble count must match.

4D 01 ERASE Erase entire track to 32 usec $FFs before

writing track data? 1 = Yes 0 = No

4F 00 SDFLTR Don't allow track data to contain bytes

with more than 1 consecutive zero ?

1 = Yes 0 = No

50 0B EMATCH # of bytes to match to find repeat of

track start

51 0 DYNAM Do dynamic Header Change? 1=Yes 0=No

52 07 DYNAM.LOW Low Byte: # of bytes from track start to

find a new header.

53 08 DYNAM.HIGH High Byte: # of bytes from track start to

find a new header.

54 01 FILL.ORDER Fill in header backwards(1) or forward(0)

55 01 FIND.START Find track start by (2)

56 00 OLD.READ Use old read track routine that doesn't

detect sync? 1 = Yes 0 = No

Parameters $57 --> $77 are used when sector copying a disk



57 D5 APRO Address prolog bytes to match

58 AA

59 96

5A 00 ASEED Checksum seed for address field

5B FF ACHKF Checksum for address field checksum error?

FF = Yes 00 = No

5C DE AEPI Wanted address epilog bytes. Match epilog

read against first two of these

5D AA

5E EB

5F FF

60 FF AEPIF Address epilog flag: Check epilogs when

reading? Use wanted epilog bytes rather than

read epilog bytes when writing? FF=Y 00=No

61 D5 DPRO Data prolog bytes to match

62 AA

63 AD

64 00 DSEED 5.25" Bit Copy: Checksum seed for data field

64 00 TRKFLG 3.5" Bit Copy:Require correct track and side

values in address field? FF=Yes 00=No

65 FF DCHKF Check for data field checksum error?

FF = Yes 00 = No

66 DE DEPI Data epilog bytes to match

67 AA

68 EB

69 FF

6A FF

6B FF DEPIF Data epilog flag:check epilogs when reading?

Use wanted epilog bytes rather than read

epilog bytes when writing? FF=Yes 00=No

6C 93 FUNNY 5.25" Bit Copy: Funny sync bytes to write

before address field.

6D F3

6E FC

6F FF

70 FF

71 02 TIME 5.25" Bit Copy:# of zero bits to add to each

FUNNY byte when writing.

72 02

73 01

74 02

75 02

76 00 FNYFLG 5.25" Bit Copy:Write FUNNY bytes rather than

the last 5 sync $FF's before each address

field? FF = Yes 00 = No

77 00 DOSFLG 5.25" Bit Copy: Try copying DOS 3.3 only,

rather than trying DOS 3.2 first? FF=Y 00=N

6C 00 DTSEED1 3.5" Bit Copy: Checksum seeds for data field

6D 00 DTSEED2

6E 00 DTSEED3



78 -> BE Special



FF -- RESTORE





*****************************

****** Extra Memory ******

*****************************





Both the Copy Disk and Copy Files options and both Bit Copy programs can
take advantage of extra memory that your computer may have so that less disk
swaps are necessary. An internal Copy ][+ Memory Manager section within all
programs handles this extra memory. A brief discussion of this Memory
Manager follows but is only provided as a reference as you don't need to
know any of it to run Copy ][+.

There are several ways you can add memory to your computer: expansion RAM in
the Apple IIGS, numbered-slot Apple type Memory expansion RAM (or Laser
128EX), and auxiliary-slot RAM boards for the //e or //c. Unfortunately, not
all these different types of memory can be treated in the same manner. Each
kind of memory expansion appears in different ways to the computer and must
be accessed differently. The Copy ][+ Memory Manager handles all this.

The Memory Manager can access extra memory in two ways:



o It can make use of expansion memory in the Apple IIGS

o If there are one or more ProDOS compatible RAM disks available, it will
find the one RAM disk that has the most free space, and use that remaining
space without disturbing files on the RAMdisk.



With those two different methods, it can get memory from:

o Apple IIGS Expansion memory, whether or not it is set up as a RAMdisk from
the Control Panel



o A numbered-slot memory board, such as the Apple 1 Meg Memory board, the
Applied Engineering RamFactor, or the AST SprintDisk



o The slot 5 memory expansion in the Laser 128EX series



o The slot 4 memory expansion in a newer Apple //c if equipped with a //c
Memory Expansion Card.



o An Apple //e (or //c) auxiliary-memory board if it has already been set up
as a RAM disk, such as Applied Engineering RamWorks boards set up with their
ProDrive RAM disk software, or the CheckMate Technology MultiMate board set
up with their software.



The memory manager section of course takes up memory itself. It must reside
in the main memory of the computer in order to work with the other kinds of
memory. This leaves less room in main memory for the rest of the program and
for data areas. The saying "You need money to make money" could be adapted
as "You need memory to get memory" For this reason:



o In the Utilities Copy Disk option, the Memory Manager requires more than
128K of memory built into the computer in order to access additional memory.



o All of the programs included in Copy ][+ require 128K minimum RAM.
However, all of the programs can take advantage of extra memory through the
Memory Manager.





Large Memory Boards



The Utilities program supports the use of extra memory cards as ProDOS RAM
disks. Memory cards that plug into or are assigned to a numbered slot don't
need any special setup, because the card itself contains the special ROM
code that lets ProDOS and Copy ][+ recognize it as a RAM disk. Examples of
numbered slot memory cards are:



o Apple 1 Meg memory Expansion Board.



o Applied Engineering RAMFactor Board



o Laser 128EX internal slot 5 memory expansion



o Apple //c (newer versions) internal slot 4 memory expansion



o Apple IIGS Control Panel RAM disk.



Memory cards that are auxiliary slot based need to be set up before Copy ][+
can work with them. This is because these cards are simply large memory
boards and mean nothing to ProDOS unless a RAM disk driver program is first
installed to make the memory look like a RAM disk. Examples of auxiliary
slot based memory cards are:



o Applied Engineering RAMWorks Board



o CheckMate Technology MultiMate Board



o Applied Engineering Z-RAM board for the //c



These auxiliary slot memory boards come with a setup or utility disk. One of
the programs on the disk creates the RAM disk driver. To use the memory
board as a RAM disk, you first need to run this program to install the RAM
disk driver into ProDOS. Once this is done, the memory now appears to ProDOS
as a large RAM disk. ProDOS can Copy ][+ will now treat the RAM disk as any
ProDOS compatible disk. THese RAM disks appear as slot 3 drive 1 or slot 3
drive 2, depending on the particular installing program. They are not
disconnected by Copy ][+, unlike ProDOS's small slot 3 drive 2 RAM disk. If
you see /RAM disconnected in the drive display, that is the ProDOS small RAM
disk, not the large one set up by your installation program.



If you want to keep the large RAM disk intact, you should not press
CONTROL-APPLE-RESET to cold boot another disk. IF you do this, the RAM disk
installation you did will be lost and you will have to run the memory board
set up program again. You should run or switch to whatever ProDOS
application you want to use next.





Drive and Slot Combinations



There are many different configurations of the Apple II systems in use. With
the arrival of the 3.5" drive, RAM disks, ROM disk, and all the regular
drives, it may seem confusing as to which drive is being assigned to which
slot. (this is especially true if you have a setup like myself: Apple IIGS
with: RAM disk, ROM disk, 2 Apple 3.5" drives, 1 floppy drive, and a hard
drive) The following table should help to clear things up a bit. Check your
manual for the computer/drives section for further info.



Apple //e with Disk Controller Card (Slot 6)



- The Apple //e views the drives in the actual slot they reside in. In most
cases this would be 5.25" drives in slot 6, 3.5" drives would be seen as
slot 5, and a hard disk slot 7. (Note also that you can have a second drive
and it will just be slot x drive 2)



Apple //c (enhanced with Unidisk Support)



Internal 5.25" drive: Slot 6, drive 1

External 5.25" drive: Slot 6, drive 2

External 3.5" drive: Slot 5, drive 1



Apple //c+



Internal 3.5" drive: Slot 5, drive 1

External 5.25" drive: Slot 6, drive 1

External 3.5" drive: Slot 5, drive 2



Laser 128 (ROM version below ROM 4.0)



Internal 5.25" drive: Slot 6, drive 1

External 5.25" drive: Slot 6, drive 2



Laser 128 (ROM versions 4.0 --> 5.x)



Internal 5.25" drive: Slot 6, drive 1

External 5.25" drive: Slot 6, drive 2

External 3.5" drive: Slot 7, drive 1



Laser 128, 128EX, and 128EX/2 with ROM 6.0 and up.



Internal 5.25" drive: Slot 6, drive 1

External 5.25" drive: Slot 6, drive 2

External 3.5" drive: Slot 7, drive 1 (first one)

External 3.5" drive: Slot 7, drive 2 (second one)



Apple IIGS



The Apple IIGS offers a wealth of combinations. This is due to the
flexibility of the SmartPort. The following is just a partial list of what
can be done:



RAM disk as Boot Device Slot 5, drive 1

1st 3.5" drive: Slot 5, drive 2

2nd 3.5" drive: Slot 2, drive 1

1st 5.25" drive: Slot 6, drive 1

2nd 5.25" drive: Slot 6, drive 2

----------------------------------------------



RAM disk not Boot Device Slot 5, drive 2

1st 3.5" drive: Slot 5, drive 1

2nd 3.5" drive: Slot 2, drive 1

1st 5.25" drive: Slot 6, drive 1

2nd 5.25" drive: Slot 6, drive 2

----------------------------------------------



1st 3.5" drive: Slot 5, drive 1

2nd 3.5" drive: Slot 5, drive 2

1st 5.25" drive: Slot 6, drive 1

2nd 5.25" drive: Slot 6, drive 2

----------------------------------------------

OK hold onto your thinking caps for the next few which I have here in
addition to what is in the manual.



ROM Disk (Boot) Slot 5, drive 1

RAM disk Slot 5, drive 2

1st 3.5" drive: Slot 2, drive 1 Note that with a

2nd 3.5" drive: Slot 2, drive 2 Hard disk,Copy ][+

1st 5.25" drive: Slot 6, drive 1 will only see the

2nd 5.25" drive: Slot 6, drive 2 first two

Hard1 Drive: Slot 7, drive 1 partitions. This

Hard2 Drive: Slot 7, drive 2 is a limit of

---------------------------------------------- Prodos 8 and not

Copy ][+

ROM Disk Slot 5, drive 2

RAM disk (Boot) Slot 5, drive 1

1st 3.5" drive: Slot 2, drive 1

2nd 3.5" drive: Slot 2, drive 2

1st 5.25" drive: Slot 6, drive 1

2nd 5.25" drive: Slot 6, drive 2

Hard1 Drive: Slot 7, drive 1

Hard2 Drive: Slot 7, drive 2

----------------------------------------------



ROM Disk Slot 2, drive 1

RAM disk Slot 5, drive 2

1st 3.5" drive:(Boot) Slot 5, drive 1

2nd 3.5" drive: Slot 2, drive 2

1st 5.25" drive: Slot 6, drive 1

2nd 5.25" drive: Slot 6, drive 2

Hard1 Drive: Slot 7, drive 1

Hard2 Drive: Slot 7, drive 2

----------------------------------------------



ROM Disk Slot 2, drive 1

RAM disk Slot 5, drive 2

1st 3.5" drive: Slot 5, drive 1

2nd 3.5" drive: Slot 2, drive 2

1st 5.25" drive:(Boot) Slot 6, drive 1

2nd 5.25" drive: Slot 6, drive 2

Hard1 Drive: (or Boot) Slot 7, drive 1

Hard2 Drive: Slot 7, drive 2

----------------------------------------------







*****************************

****** ProDOS Error ******

****** Codes ******

*****************************





Error Number Message and Description

----------------------------------------------------------------

$01 "Invalid Call number" A nonexistent command has

been sent

$07 "ProDOS is busy" The call cannot be made because

ProDOS 16 is doing another call. So get lost!

$10 "Device not found" There is no device connected

with the given name

$11 "Invalid device request" The given device name

or reference number is not in ProDOS 16's list

of connected devices

$25 "Interrupt vector table full" The max # of user-

defined interrupt handlers (16) have been used.

$27 "I/O Error" A hardware fault has prevented

correct data transfer to or from the disk.

$28 "No device connected" There is nothing in the

slot and drive specified by the given number.

$2B "Write-protected" The specified volume has the

write protect notch covered. No writing allowed.

$2D "Invalid block address" An attempt was made to

read data from a RAM disk beyond its limits.

$2E "Disk switched" The disk containing the open file

has been removed from the drive.

$2F "Device not online" A device specified in a call

is not connected to the system

$30-$3F "Drive specific errors" These can vary depending

upon the individual device drivers.

$40 "Invalid pathname or device name syntax" The

specified name contains illegal characters.

$42 "FCB table full" The table of file control blocks

is full. You can't open another file (limit: 8)

$43 "Invalid file reference number" The specified #

doesn't match any currently open file.

$44 "Path not found" A subdirectory name in the

pathname doesn't exist.

$45 "Volume not found" The volume name in the

specified pathname doesn't exist.

$46 "File not found" The last file in the specified

pathname doesn't exist.

$47 "Duplicate pathname" An attempt has been made to

create or rename a file with a name already used

$48 "Volume full" An attempt to allocate blocks on a

disk failed due to lack of space.

$49 "Volume directory full" No more space is left on

the volume directory for more entries.

$4B "Unsupported (or incorrect) storage type" Seen

only on GS/OS extended files.

$4C "End-Of-File encountered (Out of data)"A read has

been attempted, but the current file position is

equal to the end of the file.

$4E "Access not allowed" One of the attributes in the

specified file's access byte blocks the attempt

of an operation (writing, reading, etc )

$50 "File is open" An attempt has been made to

perform a disallowed operation on an open file.

$51 "Directory structure damaged" The number of

entries in the directory header does not match

the actual number of directory entries

$52 "Unsupported volume types" The specified volume

is not recognized by ProDOS.

$54 "Out of memory" A ProDOS 8 program is too large

to fit into the memory space available for

ProDOS 8 applications

$55 "VCB table full" The max # of online devices (8)

has been reached.

$56 "File buffer Invalid"

$57 "Duplicate volume" Two or more online volumes

have the identical volume directory names.

$5D "Operating system/file system not available" The

ProDOS 8 OS is not on the system disk.

Memory Manager Errors

---------------------

$80 Memory Manager wasn't closed properly.

$81 Out of Memory error.

$82 I/O Error

$83 Memory Manager handle overwritten (GS Only)

$84 No memory in system

$88 AppleTalk error message that appears if you have

a network and are trying to access a hard drive.







**************************************************************